flying-balls/balls.c

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <time.h>

#include <gdk/gdkkeysyms.h>
#include <gdk-pixbuf/gdk-pixbuf.h>
#include <gtk/gtk.h>

#define DEFAULT_WIDTH 800
#define DEFAULT_HEIGHT 800

struct ball {
    double x;
    double y;
    unsigned int radius;

    double v_x;
    double v_y;

    guchar rgb_channels[3];

    cairo_surface_t * surface;
};

double delta = 0.01;	/* seconds */

unsigned int width = DEFAULT_WIDTH;
unsigned int height = DEFAULT_HEIGHT;

unsigned int radius_min = 5;
unsigned int radius_max = 10;

unsigned int v_max = 100;
unsigned int v_min = 0;

struct ball * balls = 0;
unsigned int n_balls = 50;

double g_y = 20;
double g_x = 0;

double clear_alpha = 1.0;

void random_velocity(struct ball * p) {
    double r2;
    do {
	p->v_x = v_min + rand() % (v_max + 1 - v_min);
	p->v_y = v_min + rand() % (v_max + 1 - v_min);
	r2 = p->v_x*p->v_x + p->v_y*p->v_y;
    } while (r2 > v_max*v_max || r2 < v_min*v_min);
}

void balls_init_state () {
    srand(time(NULL));
    static const unsigned int border = 10;
    unsigned int w = width < 2*border ? 1 : width - 2*border;
    unsigned int h = height < 2*border ? 1 : height - 2*border;

    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_balls; ++i) {
	balls[i].x = border + rand() % w;
	balls[i].y = border + rand() % h;
	random_velocity(balls + i);
	if (rand() % 2)
	    balls[i].v_x = -balls[i].v_x;
	if (rand() % 2)
	    balls[i].v_y = -balls[i].v_y;
	balls[i].radius = radius_min + rand() % (radius_max + 1 - radius_min);
    }
}

void ball_collision (struct ball * p, struct ball * q) {
    double dx = q->x - p->x;
    double dy = q->y - p->y;
    double d2 = dx*dx + dy*dy;
    double r = p->radius + q->radius;
    if (d2 <= r*r) {
	double dv_x = q->v_x - p->v_x;
	double dv_y = q->v_y - p->v_y;

	double mp = p->radius * p->radius;
	double mq = q->radius * q->radius;

	double f = dv_x*dx + dv_y*dy;

	if (f < 0) {
	    f /= d2*(mp + mq);
	    p->v_x += 2*mq*f*dx;
	    p->v_y += 2*mq*f*dy;

	    q->v_x -= 2*mp*f*dx;
	    q->v_y -= 2*mp*f*dy;
	}
    }
}

void ball_update_state (struct ball * p) {
    p->x += delta*p->v_x + delta*delta*g_x/2.0;
    p->v_x += delta*g_x;

    p->y += delta*p->v_y + delta*delta*g_y/2.0;
    p->v_y += delta*g_y;

    if (p->x + p->radius > width) {
	if (p->v_x > 0) {
	    p->x -= p->x + p->radius - width;
	    p->v_x = -p->v_x;
	}
    } else if (p->x < p->radius) {
	if (p->v_x < 0) {
	    p->x += p->radius - p->x;
	    p->v_x = -p->v_x;
	}
    } 

    if (p->y + p->radius > height) {
	if (p->v_y > 0) {
	    p->y -= p->y + p->radius - height;
	    p->v_y = -p->v_y;
	}
    } else if (p->y < p->radius) {
	if (p->v_y < 0) {
	    p->y += p->radius - p->y;
	    p->v_y = -p->v_y;
	}
    } 
}

void movement_and_borders () {
    for(int i = 0; i < n_balls; ++i)
	ball_update_state(balls + i);
}

/* Collision check with index
*/
struct rectangle {
    double min_x;			/* left */
    double min_y;			/* bottom */
    double max_x;			/* right */
    double max_y;			/* top */
};

struct bt_node {
    struct ball * ball;
    struct rectangle r;
    struct bt_node * left;
    struct bt_node * right;
};

struct bt_node * c_index = 0;

static struct bt_node * c_index_init_node(struct bt_node * n, struct ball * b) {
    n->ball = b;
    n->r.min_x = b->x - b->radius;
    n->r.min_y = b->y - b->radius;
    n->r.max_x = b->x + b->radius;
    n->r.max_y = b->y + b->radius;
    n->left = 0;
    n->right = 0;
    return n;
}

static void c_index_add_ball(struct bt_node * n, const struct ball * b) {
    if (n->r.min_x > b->x - b->radius)
	n->r.min_x = b->x - b->radius;
    if (n->r.min_y > b->y - b->radius)
	n->r.min_y = b->y - b->radius;
    if (n->r.max_x < b->x + b->radius)
	n->r.max_x = b->x + b->radius;
    if (n->r.max_y < b->y + b->radius)
	n->r.max_y = b->y + b->radius;
}

static void c_index_insert(struct bt_node * t, struct bt_node * n, struct ball * b) {
    assert(t);
    double w = width;
    double h = height;
    double ref_x = 0.0;
    double ref_y = 0.0;
    for (;;) {
	c_index_add_ball(t, b);
	if (w > h) { /* horizontal split */
	    if (b->x <= t->ball->x) {
		if (t->left) {
		    w = t->ball->x - ref_x;
		    t = t->left;
		} else {
		    t->left = c_index_init_node(n, b);
		    return;
		}
	    } else {
		if (t->right) {
		    w -= t->ball->x - ref_x;
		    ref_x = t->ball->x;
		    t = t->right;
		} else {
		    t->right = c_index_init_node(n, b);
		    return;
		}
	    }
	} else {		/* vertical split */
	    if (b->y <= t->ball->y) {
		if (t->left) {
		    h = t->ball->y - ref_y;
		    t = t->left;
		} else {
		    t->left = c_index_init_node(n, b);
		    return;
		}
	    } else {
		if (t->right) {
		    h -= t->ball->y - ref_y;
		    ref_y = t->ball->y;
		    t = t->right;
		} else {
		    t->right = c_index_init_node(n, b);
		    return;
		}
	    }
	}
    }
}

void c_index_build() {
    c_index_init_node(c_index, balls);
    for(int i = 1; i < n_balls; ++i) {
	c_index_insert(c_index, c_index + i, balls + i);
    }
}

struct bt_node ** c_index_stack = 0;
unsigned int c_index_stack_top = 0;

void c_index_stack_clear() {
    c_index_stack_top = 0;
}

static void c_index_stack_push(struct bt_node * n) {
    c_index_stack[c_index_stack_top++] = n;
}

static struct bt_node * c_index_stack_pop() {
    if (c_index_stack_top > 0)
	return c_index_stack[--c_index_stack_top];
    else
	return 0;
}

static int c_index_ball_in_rectangle(const struct bt_node * n, const struct ball * b) {
    return n->r.min_x <= b->x + b->radius
	&& n->r.max_x >= b->x - b->radius
	&& n->r.min_y <= b->y + b->radius
	&& n->r.max_y >= b->y - b->radius;
}

static int c_index_must_check(const struct bt_node * n, const struct ball * b) {
    return n != 0 && n->ball < b && c_index_ball_in_rectangle(n, b);
}

void c_index_check_collisions() {
    for(struct ball * b = balls + 1; b < balls + n_balls; ++b) {
	c_index_stack_clear();
	struct bt_node * n = c_index;
	do {
	    ball_collision(n->ball, b);
	    if (c_index_must_check(n->left, b)) {
		if (c_index_must_check(n->right, b)) {
		    c_index_stack_push(n->right);
		}
		n = n->left;
	    } else if (c_index_must_check(n->right, b)) {
		n = n->right;
	    } else {
		n = c_index_stack_pop();
	    }
	} while (n);
    }
}

int c_index_init() {
    if (!c_index)
	c_index = malloc(sizeof(struct bt_node) * n_balls);
    if (!c_index)
	return 0;
    if (!c_index_stack)
	c_index_stack = malloc(sizeof(struct bt_node *) * n_balls);
    if (!c_index_stack)
	return 0;
    return 1;
}

void c_index_destroy() {
    if (c_index)
	free(c_index);
    if (c_index_stack)
	free(c_index_stack);
    c_index = 0;
    c_index_stack = 0;
}

/* Trivial collision check
 */

void check_collisions_simple () {
    for(int i = 0; i < n_balls; ++i)
	for(int j = i + 1; j < n_balls; ++j)
	    ball_collision(balls + i, balls + j);
}

void check_collisions_with_index () {
    c_index_build();
    c_index_check_collisions();
}

void (*check_collisions)() = 0;

void update_state () {
    if (check_collisions)
	check_collisions();
    movement_and_borders();
}

/* Graphics System
 */

GtkWidget * window;
cairo_t * cr = 0;

int gravity_vector_countdown = 0;
int gravity_vector_init = 300;

void draw_gravity_vector() {
    if (gravity_vector_countdown != 0) {
	cairo_new_path(cr);
	cairo_move_to(cr, width/2, height/2);
	cairo_line_to(cr, width/2 + g_x, height/2 + g_y);
	cairo_set_source_rgb(cr, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
	cairo_set_line_width(cr, 1.0);
	cairo_stroke(cr);
	cairo_arc(cr, width/2 + g_x, height/2 + g_y, 3, 0, 2*M_PI);
	cairo_fill(cr);
	if (gravity_vector_countdown > 0)
	    --gravity_vector_countdown;
    }
}

int balls_graphics_initialized = 0;
const char * face_filename = 0;

void init_graphics() {
    if (cr)
        cairo_destroy(cr);
    cr = gdk_cairo_create(window->window);
    if (balls_graphics_initialized)
	return;

    cairo_surface_t * face_surface;
    int face_x_offset, face_y_offset;

    if (face_filename) {
	face_surface = cairo_image_surface_create_from_png (face_filename);
	switch (cairo_surface_status(face_surface)) {
	case CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS:
	    face_x_offset = cairo_image_surface_get_width (face_surface) / 2;
	    face_y_offset = cairo_image_surface_get_height (face_surface) / 2;
	    break;
	default:
	    cairo_surface_destroy (face_surface);
	    face_surface = 0;
	    fprintf(stderr, "could not create sorfece from PNG file %s\n", face_filename);
	}
    } else
	face_surface = 0;

    for(int i = 0; i < n_balls; ++i) {
	balls[i].surface = gdk_window_create_similar_surface(window->window,
							     CAIRO_CONTENT_COLOR_ALPHA,
							     2*balls[i].radius, 2*balls[i].radius);
	cairo_t * ball_cr = cairo_create(balls[i].surface);
	cairo_translate(ball_cr, balls[i].radius, balls[i].radius);
	cairo_arc(ball_cr, 0.0, 0.0, balls[i].radius, 0, 2 * M_PI);
	cairo_clip(ball_cr);

	cairo_set_source_rgb(ball_cr, 1.0*(rand() % 256)/255, 1.0*(rand() % 256)/255, 1.0*(rand() % 256)/255);
	cairo_paint(ball_cr);
	if (face_surface) {
	    cairo_scale (ball_cr, 1.0 * balls[i].radius / face_x_offset, 1.0 * balls[i].radius / face_y_offset);
	    cairo_set_source_surface(ball_cr, face_surface, -face_x_offset, -face_y_offset);
	    cairo_paint(ball_cr);
	}
	cairo_surface_flush(balls[i].surface);
	cairo_destroy(ball_cr);
    }
    if (face_surface)
	cairo_surface_destroy (face_surface);

    balls_graphics_initialized = 1;
}

void destroy_graphics() {
    if (cr) {
	cairo_destroy(cr);
	cr = 0;
    }
    if (balls_graphics_initialized) {
	for(int i = 0; i < n_balls; ++i)
	    cairo_surface_destroy(balls[i].surface);
	balls_graphics_initialized = 0;
    }
}

void draw_balls_onto_window () {
    /* clear pixmap */
    cairo_set_source_rgba(cr, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, clear_alpha);
    cairo_paint(cr);

    draw_gravity_vector();

    /* draw balls */
    for(int i = 0; i < n_balls; ++i) {
	cairo_save(cr);
	cairo_translate(cr, balls[i].x - balls[i].radius, balls[i].y - balls[i].radius);
	cairo_set_source_surface(cr, balls[i].surface, 0, 0);
	cairo_paint(cr);
	cairo_restore(cr);
    }
}

gint resize_event (GtkWidget *widget, GdkEventConfigure * event) {
    if (width == widget->allocation.width && height == widget->allocation.height)
	return FALSE;

    width = widget->allocation.width;
    height = widget->allocation.height;

    init_graphics();

    draw_balls_onto_window();
    return TRUE;
}

gint keyboard_input (GtkWidget *widget, GdkEventKey *event) {
    if (event->type != GDK_KEY_PRESS)
	return FALSE;
    switch(event->keyval) {
    case GDK_KEY_Up:
	g_y -= 10;
	gravity_vector_countdown = gravity_vector_init;
	break;
    case GDK_KEY_Down:
	g_y += 10;
	gravity_vector_countdown = gravity_vector_init;
	break;
    case GDK_KEY_Left:
	g_x -= 10;
	gravity_vector_countdown = gravity_vector_init;
	break;
    case GDK_KEY_Right:
	g_x += 10;
	gravity_vector_countdown = gravity_vector_init;
	break;
    case GDK_KEY_G:
    case GDK_KEY_g:
	gravity_vector_countdown = gravity_vector_init;
	break;
    case GDK_KEY_Q:
    case GDK_KEY_q:
	gtk_main_quit();
	break;
    default:
	return FALSE;
    }
    return TRUE;
}

void show_event (GtkWidget *widget, gpointer data) {
    init_graphics();
}

gboolean expose_event (GtkWidget *widget, GdkEventExpose *event, gpointer data) {
    return TRUE;
}

void destroy_window (void) {
    gtk_main_quit();
}

void print_usage (const char * progname) {
    fprintf(stderr,
	    "usage: %s [options...]\n"
	    "options:\n"
	    "\t<width>x<height>\n"
	    "\tn=<bumber of balls>\n"
	    "\tfx=<x-force>\n"
	    "\tfy=<y-force>\n"
	    "\tradius=<min-radius>-<max-radius>\n"
	    "\tv=<min-velocity>-<max-velocity>\n"
	    "\tdelta=<frame-delta-time>\n"
	    "\tface=<filename>\n"
	    "\tclear=<clear-alpha>\n"
	    "\t-v :: enables rendering timing statitstics\n"
	    "\tcollisions=<C> :: n=no collisions, s=simple, i=index\n",
	    progname);
}

int rendering_statistics = 0;

gboolean timeout (gpointer user_data) {
    guint64 start = 0, elapsed_usec;
    if (rendering_statistics)
	start = g_get_monotonic_time ();

    update_state();
    draw_balls_onto_window();

    if (rendering_statistics) {
	elapsed_usec = g_get_monotonic_time () - start;

	static guint64 elapsed_usec_total = 0;
	static unsigned int samples = 0;
	if (samples == 30) {
	    printf("\rtime for one frame: %lu usec (avg over %u samples)  ", elapsed_usec_total / samples, samples);
	    fflush(stdout);
	    samples = 0;
	    elapsed_usec_total = 0;
	}
	++samples;
	elapsed_usec_total += elapsed_usec;
    }
    return TRUE;
}

int main (int argc, const char *argv[]) {
    int w = DEFAULT_WIDTH;
    int h = DEFAULT_HEIGHT;
    
    for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i) {
	if (sscanf(argv[i], "%dx%d", &w, &h) == 2)
	    continue;
	if (sscanf(argv[i], "n=%u", &n_balls) == 1)
	    continue;
	if (sscanf(argv[i], "fx=%lf", &g_x) == 1)
	    continue;
	if (sscanf(argv[i], "fy=%lf", &g_y) == 1)
	    continue;
	if (sscanf(argv[i], "radius=%u-%u", &radius_min, &radius_max) == 2)
	    continue;
	if (sscanf(argv[i], "v=%u-%u", &v_min, &v_max) == 2)
	    continue;
	if (sscanf(argv[i], "delta=%lf", &delta) == 1)
	    continue;
	if (strncmp(argv[i], "face=", 5) == 0) {
	    face_filename = argv[i] + 5;
	    continue;
	}
	if (sscanf(argv[i], "clear=%lf", &clear_alpha) == 1)
	    continue;
	if (strcmp(argv[i], "-v") == 0) {
	    rendering_statistics = 1;
	    continue;
	}
	char collisions;
	if (sscanf(argv[i], "collisions=%c", &collisions) == 1) {
	    switch (collisions) {
	    case 'i':
	    case 'I':
		check_collisions = check_collisions_with_index;
		continue;
	    case '0':
	    case 'N':
	    case 'n':
		check_collisions = 0;
		continue;
	    case 's':
	    case 'S':
		check_collisions = check_collisions_simple;
		continue;
	    }
	}
	print_usage(argv[0]);
	return 1;
    }

    balls = malloc(sizeof(struct ball)*n_balls);
    assert(balls);

    assert(c_index_init());
    
    balls_init_state();

    gtk_init(0, 0);

    window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
    assert(window);
    gtk_window_set_default_size(GTK_WINDOW(window), w, h);
    gtk_window_set_position(GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);
    gtk_window_set_title(GTK_WINDOW(window), "Balls");

    g_signal_connect(window, "destroy", G_CALLBACK(destroy_window), NULL);
    g_signal_connect(window, "expose-event", G_CALLBACK(expose_event), NULL);
    g_signal_connect(window, "configure-event", G_CALLBACK(resize_event), NULL);
    g_signal_connect(window, "show", G_CALLBACK(show_event), NULL);
    g_signal_connect(window, "key-press-event", G_CALLBACK(keyboard_input), NULL);

    gtk_widget_set_events (window, GDK_EXPOSURE_MASK | GDK_BUTTON_PRESS_MASK | GDK_KEY_PRESS_MASK);

    g_timeout_add (delta * 1000, timeout, window);

    gtk_widget_show_all(window);

    gtk_main();

    if (rendering_statistics)
	printf("\n");

    destroy_graphics();
    c_index_destroy();
    free(balls);

    return 0;
}